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Binary Exploitation•Insane

Scheme Catcher

R
ResearcherDec 2025
terminal

Binary Exploitation

Scheme-Catcher

  • Challenge: beacon.bin (First Stage)
  • Category: Binary Exploitation / Reverse Engineering
  • Difficulty: Insane
  • URL of the room:

https://tryhackme.com/room/sq2-aoc2025-JxiOKUSD9R

Summary

The actual functionality of the program is concealed by a custom encrypted .easter section found in the beacon.bin binary. We found a self-decrypting stub that XORs the encrypted code with key 0x0D using dynamic analysis with GDB. The payload_load() function uncovered a hardcoded HTTP path /7ln6Z1X9EF built from hex immediates after decryption. This path resulted in a directory listing with the next stage binary and foothold.txt (Second flag).

Finding the first binary.

Scanning using nmap

bash_code
$ nmap -sV -p- 10.48.190.204

Starting Nmap 7.94 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-12-11 12:00 IST
Nmap scan report for 10.48.190.204
Host is up (0.045s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT     STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp   open  http    Apache/2.4.58 (Ubuntu)
9004/tcp open  unknown
21337/tcp open  unknown

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 234.56 seconds

After the scan we used gobuster to list hidden directory on port 80

bash_code
$ gobuster dir -u http://10.48.190.204 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt 

===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://10.48.190.204
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Extensions:              zip,bin,txt
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/.htaccess            (Status: 403) [Size: 279]
/.htpasswd            (Status: 403) [Size: 279]
/.hta                 (Status: 403) [Size: 279]
/dev                  (Status: 301) [Size: 314] [--> http://10.48.190.204/dev/]
/index.html           (Status: 200) [Size: 10918]
/server-status        (Status: 403) [Size: 279]
Progress: 18456 / 18460 (99.98%)
===============================================================
Finished
===============================================================

On this directory we found a zip file which is carying our first binary beacon.bin

Initial Reconnaissance

File Analysis

bash_code
file beacon.bin
# beacon.bin: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64

checksec --file=beacon.bin
# Arch:     amd64-64-little
# RELRO:    Partial RELRO
# Stack:    No canary found
# NX:       NX enabled
# PIE:      No PIE (0x400000)

Key Observations

  • 64-bit Linux executable
  • No stack canary (vulnerable to buffer overflows)
  • NX enabled (no shellcode on stack)
  • No PIE (static addresses)

Static Analysis

String Enumeration

bash_code
strings beacon.bin

Found:

  • THM{Welcom3_to_th3_eastmass_pwnland} - First flag placeholder
  • localhost - HTTP connection target
  • GET %s HTTP/1.1 - HTTP request format
  • /tmp/b68vC103RH - Temporary file path

Interesting Functions:

  • setup() - Initialization
  • payload_load() - Suspicious - loads something
  • cmd() - Command execution
  • delete_cmd() - Cleanup
  • start_socket_server() - Network functionality

XOR Encryption

Note: The disassembly revealed a brief loop that iterated over a memory range from 0x401370 to 0x401bc4 when examining the early code in the .easter section. Each byte in this loop was read, XORed with the constant 0x0D, and then written back to the original location. Execution was then redirected to that area. This pattern is typical of a self-decrypting XOR stub, which means that the actual program logic is encrypted and only decrypted during runtime, just prior to execution.

GDB Investigation

bash_code
gdb beacon.bin
(gdb) info functions
# All functions marked <encrypted>

(gdb) disas main
# Showed XOR decryption loop!

Decryption Stub Found at 0x804000:

assembly_code
0x804000:  nop                          # NOP sled
0x804008:  movabs rsi,0x401370          # Source: encrypted code
0x804012:  movabs rdi,0x401bc4          # Destination: decrypted  
0x80401d:  cmpb   [rsi],0xd             # Compare with key 0x0D
0x804020:  inc    rsi                    # Next byte
0x804023:  cmp    rsi,rdi                # Check if done
0x804026:  jne    0x804020               # Loop
0x804028:  push   0x401370               # Jump to decrypted main
0x80402d:  ret

The Algorithm: XOR each byte from 0x401370 to 0x401bc4 with key 0x0D

Breaking After Decryption:

gdb_code
(gdb) break *0x804027      # Right after decryption
(gdb) run
(gdb) x/10i 0x401370       # Now readable!

Functions are now visible!

Analyzing payload_load()

bash_code
(gdb) disas payload_load

Key Instructions Found:

assembly_code
# Creates socket connection to localhost:80
0x4015e2:  call   socket@plt
0x401619:  call   connect@plt

# Constructs HTTP GET request
0x401648:  movabs rax,0x58315a366e6c372f   # ← SUSPICIOUS HEX
0x401652:  mov    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x11c],rax
0x401659:  movl   DWORD PTR [rbp-0x114],0x464539

# Sends HTTP request  
0x401674:  lea    rdx,[rip+0xa75]        # "GET %s HTTP/1.1..."
0x40167b:  call   snprintf@plt

Decoding the Suspicious hex:

python_code
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import struct

# First 8-byte immediate
val1 = 0x58315a366e6c372f
# Second 4-byte immediate (only 3 bytes used)
val2 = 0x464539

# Convert to little-endian bytes
part1 = struct.pack('<Q', val1)  # b'/7ln6Z1X'
part2 = struct.pack('<I', val2)[:3]  # b'9EF'

full_path = part1 + part2
print("Hidden path:", full_path.decode('ascii'))

Got the hidden path as /7ln6Z1X9EF

Analysis of Reverse Data Flow:

The format "GET %s HTTP/1.1" is used by snprintf() at 0x401674.

The source of the %s parameter is rbp-0x11c.

Looking for writes to rbp-0x11c in reverse, the movabs instruction was located at 0x401648.

Accessing the Hidden Directory

bash_code
curl http://10.48.190.204/7ln6Z1X9EF/

Directory Listing Revealed:

txt_code
Index of /7ln6Z1X9EF
- foothold.txt               37 bytes
- 4.2.0-R1-1337-server.zip   5.2M

Second Flag

bash_code
curl http://10.48.190.204/7ln6Z1X9EF/foothold.txt
# THM{beacon_analysis_complete_on_to_stage2}

Tools Used

  • file - Binary identification
  • checksec - Security feature enumeration
  • readelf - ELF structure analysis
  • strings - Static string extraction
  • GDB - Dynamic debugging
  • objdump - Disassembly
#ReverseEngineering#HeapExploitation#FSOP#GDB